20.3.4 Automatic Execution by Run Level at Booting
20.3.4.1 Principles of Registering Init Script
After you have created an init script and saved it in “/etc/init.d”, you need to register it on the system so that it runs automatically according to the run level. If we systematically look into registering on the system, you can see that it is creating a link to the original script file. In other words, running the link will run the original script file.
20.3.3 Creating Init Script
20.3.3.1 Meaning of Init Script
The script that is used when the system boots or shuts down is called “init script”. All init scripts basically should be put under “/etc/init.d/” directory.
There are several types of init scripts as follows according to their usage:
20.3.2 Booting Sequence
When the system first starts up, it executes certain defined tasks in a certain order. This sequence is called “booting sequence”. Next, we will explain the basic framework of booting sequence and how to use it to automatically execute the necessary tasks in booting.
20.3.2.1 Booting Framework
20.3 Automatic Run with Init Script
20.3.1 Run Level
20.3.1.1 Definition of Run Level
On Linux, you need to process all pre-specified tasks when the system first starts or shuts down, or sometimes need to prevent others from using it when performing system recovery tasks. A tool called “run level” is used to limit who can use the system in a certain step or to identify the types of commands or programs that can run in a particular environment.
20.2.6 Running Script
20.2.6.1 Preparing to Run Script File
A script is not a binary executable like a normal executable program, but it must be executable as a program itself. Therefore, the execute permission must be granted to the script file. You can use “chmod” command to grant the desired permission. For the permissions of a file, see the description of [13.2 Changing Permission on File].
20.2.5 Execution Control of Script
20.2.5.1 Optional Processing according to Conditions
It is “if” statement and “case” statement to be used to selectively process commands depending on a certain condition.
● “if” statement
20.2.4 Operations in Script
20.2.4.1 Assignment Operation
When we define a new variable or we assign a value to a variable in a script, it is called an assignment. The operator used in this case is “=”. This is called assignment mode, and the basic format is as follows.
20.2.3 Basics of Script Syntax
In this section, we will describe various rules and syntax for writing scripts.
20.2.3.1 Definition of Script
Script is basically a text file. Internally, the file is defined as a script, and is differentiated from a normal text file. Defining that the file is the script is the value you enter at the beginning of the line as follows.
20.2.2 How Shell Runs Commands
20.2.2.1 Types of Kernel’s System Calls
● “fork” system call
This call is one of the system call methods that a process uses to execute another process. When a command needs to be executed, a child process is created and executed separately.
20.2 Batch Run of Commands via Script
Here we will look at the script tool we use to process multiple commands in batch at once. We will discuss the concept of script, how to write a script, how to execute a script, and so on.
20.2.1 Shell and script
20.2.1.1 What is Script?
On Linux systems, Shell plays a central role in executing commands. Among the various Shell programs, BASH is specified as the default shell. BASH receives a command entered by the user in the terminal environment, interprets the meaning of the command, processes the command according to the specified method, and returns the processing result to the user.